Tucker Lieberman
2 min readSep 26, 2021

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Oh, regarding your point (1)--"it had yet to occur"--I think you mean that any statement about the future, such as "The candidate who WILL be offered the job...", is neither true nor false until that future comes to pass. I see that point.

But I think the problem could be restated to be about past/present events such that Gettier's question/observations still hold. For example, at the Academy Awards, the winner's name is written on a piece of paper in an envelope, so there is already a fact of who has won the award before the announcer opens the envelope on television. Additionally, some people watch the live announcement and others only hear about it later. If I have reason to believe that Chelsea Winstanley has already been given an award--for example, because I was on a committee that helped make the decision, in addition to which I overheard a comment by one of the higher-level decision-makers, which would make my belief more than mere speculation--I might say "I have reason to believe the winner is a woman." Then someone tells me, "Yes, Amy Pascal won." My statement was true, justified, and more than speculation. And yet I didn't really "know" what I was talking about.

More practically, I might say, "The bill will be affordable, don't worry" or "It won't take us more than an hour to walk there," and my justification is wrong because I'm thinking of the wrong utility bill or the wrong address, and I am merely fortunate if the bill indeed turns out to be affordable or the address isn't too far away. It wasn't speculation, it was a reasoning process that seemed valid at the time but turned out to be N/A, and it was a happy coincidence that my statement was true.

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Tucker Lieberman
Tucker Lieberman

Written by Tucker Lieberman

Cult classic. Author of the novel "Most Famous Short Film of All Time." Editor for Prism & Pen and Identity Current. tuckerlieberman.com

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